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Endocrinology

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Hormone

Hormone tests measure the levels of various hormones in the body, which are chemical messengers produced by glands. These tests help evaluate growth, metabolism, stress response, reproductive health, kidney function, and overall endocrine system balance. They are essential for diagnosing hormonal disorders, guiding treatment, and monitoring therapy effectiveness.

• Growth Hormone (GH): Measures growth hormone levels in the blood; essential for body growth, muscle development, and bone  health.

• Cortisol: Evaluates cortisol levels; helps assess stress response, adrenal gland function, and metabolism.

• ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone / Vasopressin): Measures ADH; important for water balance, kidney function, and fluid regulation.

• ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone): Assesses ACTH levels; helps evaluate adrenal gland function and hormonal regulation.

• IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1): Measures IGF-1; reflects growth hormone activity and overall growth regulation.

• EPO (Erythropoietin): Evaluates EPO levels; important for red blood cell production and oxygen delivery.

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Tumor Markers

Tumor markers are special substances, usually proteins, that are produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. These tests help in detecting, monitoring, and managing different types of cancers. While not used alone for diagnosis, they provide valuable information for treatment planning and follow-up.
Included tests:

  • Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP): Used mainly in liver cancer and germ cell tumors.

  • Total PSA: Helps in detecting and monitoring prostate cancer.

  • CA19-9: Marker for pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers.

  • CA125: Commonly used in ovarian cancer evaluation.

  • CA15-3: Associated with breast cancer monitoring.

  • HE4: Useful in ovarian cancer detection and management.

  • CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen): Related to colorectal and other cancers.

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TORCH

The TORCH test is a group of blood tests that screen for infections that can cause illness in pregnant women and newborns. These infections may lead to congenital defects, developmental problems, or complications during pregnancy. The TORCH panel is especially important in prenatal care and early diagnosis.

Included tests:

  • Toxoplasma IgM: Detects recent or active infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

  • Toxoplasma IgG: Shows past infection or immunity to toxoplasmosis.

  • Rubella IgM: Identifies recent rubella infection (German measles).

  • Rubella IgG: Indicates immunity or past exposure to rubella.

  • CMV IgM: Detects recent cytomegalovirus infection.

  • CMV IgG: Shows past infection or immunity to CMV.

  • HSV I + II IgM: Identifies recent or active infection with herpes simplex virus types I & II.

  • HSV I + II IgG: Indicates past infection or immunity to herpes simplex virus.

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Infectious

These tests are used to detect viral and bacterial infections in the body. They help diagnose liver infections (hepatitis), HIV, stomach infections, tuberculosis-like infections, and other systemic infections. Early diagnosis through these markers is essential for timely treatment, preventing complications, and monitoring disease progression.

Included tests:

·        HAV IgG/IgM: Detects current or past hepatitis A infection.

·        HAV IgM: Identifies recent hepatitis A infection.

·        HIV Combi & 2: Screening for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection.

·        HDV IgG/IgM: Detects hepatitis D infection.

·        HBs Ag: Identifies hepatitis B surface antigen (active infection).

·        HBs Ab: Antibodies showing immunity to hepatitis B.

·        HBe Ag: Indicates active replication of hepatitis B virus.

·        HBe Ab: Shows recovery or inactive phase of hepatitis B.

·        HBc Ab Total: Total antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen.

·        HBc IgM: Detects recent hepatitis B infection.

·        HCV Ab: Identifies hepatitis C infection.

 

·        Procalcitonin: Marker for severe bacterial infection or sepsis.

·        Brucella IgM: Detects recent brucellosis infection.

·        Brucella IgG: Identifies past or chronic brucellosis.

·        Calprotectin: Detects intestinal inflammation.

·        H. Pylori IgM: Identifies recent Helicobacter pylori infection.

·        H. Pylori IgG: Shows past or chronic infection.

·        H. Pylori Ag Quantitative: Detects active H. pylori in stool.

·        HTLV I+II: Detects Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus infection.

·        EBV IgM: Recent Epstein-Barr virus infection.

·        EBV IgG: Past Epstein-Barr virus infection or immunity.

 

 

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